Short ssw frame format for sls beamforming process between enabled, associated stations, and method of preparing wireless communication

ABSTRACT

The AP can generate a distinctive 8 bit value, and fill the 8 most significant bits (MSBs) of the a 16 bit AID field to form a EDMG BSS AID. Beamforming can include a station performing a sector level sweep (SLS) process including transmitting, in sequence, a plurality of short sector sweep (SSW) frames to the other station using corresponding ones of the antenna sectors, and receiving, in sequence, a plurality of the short SSW frames from the other station, the short SSW frames having an addressing field format specifying a receiver address association ID (RA AID) and a transmitter address association ID (TA AID). The distinctive 8 bit value can be used as the AP AID.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/361,717, filed on Nov. 28, 2016, which claims benefit, includingpriority, of: U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/323,070 filedApr. 15, 2016 by applicant, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.62/331,113 filed May 3, 2016 by applicant. All of the above-notedapplications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

FIELD

The improvements generally relate to the field of wireless communicationnetworks, and more specifically to directional communication protocolsin the 60 GHz millimetre wave band.

BACKGROUND

Wireless communications networks, such as wireless LANs, can allownetwork-enabled stations (STAs) to access a network, via an access point(AP) by communicating wirelessly. The access point (AP) is typicallyalso considered an STA.

Standard-setting organizations provide standards by which devices fromvarious manufacturers can communicate with one another.

The IEEE 802.11 standard governs wireless connectivity in local areanetworks. IEEE 802.11 specifies a basic service set (BSS) 10 asconsisting of a single AP 12 with one or more associated STAs (A-STA)14, 14′, as illustrated in FIG. 1. An example STA 20 is schematized inFIG. 2 and can be seen to have one or more processor(s) 22, memory 24,and one or more radio(s) 26, with each radio 26 typically having atransmitter 28, a receiver 30, and one or more antenna(e).

Accordingly, each STA 14, 14′ can have a uniquely addressable mediumaccess control (MAC) and a physical layer (PHY) interface to thewireless medium (WM). IEEE includes specification that functions toassociate an enabled STA 14 and the AP 12 thereby causing the enabledSTA 14 to become an associated STA (A-STA). During this process, IEEE802.11 defines a receiver address (RA) and a transmitter address (TA)for the MAC frame header. IEEE also includes specifications for dealingwith BSS's having overlapping ranges (which can be referred to asOBSS—not illustrated).

More specifically, amendment IEEE 802.11ad-2012, referred to as IEEE802.11ad, addresses the use of wireless in the 60 GHz “millimeter” waveband, a band which is unlicensed globally, thus making it available foruse in local area networks (LANs). In particular, communication in the60 GHz band, although directional and strongly attenuated (short range),is perceived as having a strong potential for replacing cabledconnections (e.g. Ethernet) and providing multi-gigabit transmissionspeeds.

Under IEEE 802.11ad, wireless communications between stations have aformat which can be referred to as the beacon interval (BI) 40. FIG. 3schematizes the BI 40. The BI 40 can be seen to generally include abeacon transmission interval (BTI) 42, an associating beamformingtraining (A-BFT) 44, and a data transmission interval (DTI) 46. The BTI42 is used for AP discovery purposes and, more specifically, for AP-sidesector sweep transmit antenna beamforming training purposes. The A-BFT44 can be used mainly for STA-side sector sweep transmit antennabeamforming training purposes. The DTI 46 can be used for furtherbeamforming training and for data communication. The BI 40 can furtherinclude additional intervals, such as an announcement transmissioninterval (ATI) (not shown), which can immediately precede the DTI 46,for instance.

Under IEEE 802.11ad, STA's 14, 14′ can be referred to as directionalmulti-gigabit (DMG) STA's, and the beacon can be referred to as the DMGbeacon. Under IEEE 802.11ad, APs 12 are sometimes referred to aspersonal BSS (PBSS) control points, (PCPs). Both expressions will beused interchangeably in this specification.

DMG communications typically involve STA's having a plurality of antennasectors. The different antenna sectors offer different performance indifferent directions. IEEE 802.11ad includes beamforming (BF)specifications which refer to a process by which the directional link is‘trained’ to meet the required link budget. These specifications includea sector level sweep (SLS) process 50 such as shown in FIG. 4. Thestation initiating the SLS 50 is referred to as the initiator, and theother station is referred to as the responder. During SLS 50, differentcombinations of initiator antenna sectors and responder antenna sectorsare tested to find a satisfactory combination. More specifically, in afirst phase of the SLS, sector sweep (SSVV) frames 52, (sometimesalternatively referred to as BF frames) are emitted sequentially by thedifferent sectors of the initiator antenna. The first phase of SLS canbe conducted during a beacon transmission interval (BTI) 42 portion ofthe BI 40, for instance.

In a second phase of the SLS 50, the responder transmits SSW frames 54sequentially through its different antenna sectors. The SSW frames 54emitted by the responder include feedback pertaining to the strength ofthe signals received from the different sectors of the initiator. Thesecond phase of the SLS 50 can be performed during an A-BFT 44 or DTI 46of the BI 40, for instance.

In a third phase, the initiator can transmit SSW feedback (SSW-FB) 56 tothe responder. The SSW-FB indicates the strength of the signals receivedfrom the responder's different antenna sectors and the selected sectorand antenna.

In a fourth phase, the responder can send an acknowledgement of theSSW-FB 58. The SLS process 50 can determine combination of sectorsfunctional to enable efficient directional communication.

The SLS process 50 is typically followed by a beam refinement procedure(BRP) which can search to find optimal parameters for a given sectorcombination. Beam tracking can be performed to check and attempt tocorrect signal quality during data transfer. The standard SSW frame 60defined at 8.3.1.16 of 802.11ad is depicted in FIG. 5 and has 26 Bytes.

Since the SSW frame 60 is repeatedly used by both initiator andresponder during SLS 50, the side of the field (i.e. the number of bits)is directly related to bandwidth usage. It is therefore desirable thatthe SSW frame format 60 be limited in size while maintaining itsfunctionality and, to a certain extent, account for eventual evolutionof the standard. In the case of IEEE 802.11ad, when the AP 12 is theinitiator and an associated STA 14 is the responder, several fields ofthe SSW frame 60 were left unused. There thus remained room forimprovement.

Document IEEE 802.11-16/0416-01-00, entitled Short SSW Format for 11ay,was submitted Mar. 14, 2016. This submission occurred in the context ofthe 11ay amendment which aimed to build upon 11ad. This documentproposes providing a short SSW frame 65 capability which can be usedinstead of the 11ad standard SSW frame 60 when both stations aredetermined to support it. Under 11ay, STAs 12, 14, 14′ having a radiotransmitter capable of transmitting and receiving enhanced DMG (EDMG)physical layer (PHY) protocol data units (PPDUs) are provided.Accordingly, this short SSW frame capability may require that both STAsundergoing the SLS be EDMG STA's. The short SSW format 65 proposed inthis document is presented in FIG. 6 and has 6 Bytes. The proposed shortSSW frame format 65 can be described as the standard SSW frame format 60with several fields compressed or removed.

Indeed, the non-short SSW frame format 60 includes the receiver address62 (48 bits), and the transmitter address 64 (48 bits). The proposedshort SSW frame format 65 includes a 16 bit addressing field 66 toreplace the 96 bits of the non-short SSW frame format 60. It will benoted that this proposal does not define the addressing field format 66for the short SSW format.

While existing protocol and submissions concerning the 60 GHz wave bandwere satisfactory to a certain degree, there remains room forimprovement.

SUMMARY

In accordance with one aspect, there is provided an addressing fieldformat for the short SSW frame format in 11ay. The addressing fieldformat 68 is illustrated in FIG. 7, and specifies using the 8 bitreceiver address association ID (RA AID) adjacent to the 8 bittransmitter address association ID (TA AID). The addressing field format68 can be used to fill the 16 bit addressing field 66 of the short SSWframe format 65 proposed in Document IEEE 802.11-16/0416-01-00.

In at least some scenarios, the addressing field format 68 can reducethe probability of collision compared to, for example, filling the 16bit field using a hashing scheme.

Under 11ad, the AP's AID was set to zero. The STA's AID was assigned bythe AP, and could be communicated from the AP to the STA (e.g. duringthe process of association). The STA AID could be communicated via ancapability information element during BTI, for instance. An examplecapability information element 70 is presented in FIG. 8A. The examplecapability information element 70 can be seen to have an association ID(AID) field 72 totaling 16 bits. This association ID field 72 wasintended for use as an A-STA AID field. Only the 8 LSBs 74 of the 16 bitAID field 72 were used to this end, the 8 MSBs 76 were reserved forEDMG, and set to zero. In some alternate scenarios it is possible tocommunicate the STA AID in an operation information element.

When performing SLS in overlapping BSS (OBSS), there was a given falsepositive probability associated with scenarios where all AP AIDs werethe same (e.g. set to zero). It was found that by assigning adistinctive AID to each AP, this false positive probability could bereduced, at least in some scenarios.

In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a method by which adistinctive association ID can be used for the AP. This association IDcan be distinctive. More specifically, the AID can be distinctive byhaving at least a significant probability of not being the same for allAPs operating in a given OBSS. In this manner false positive probabilitycan be reduced when operating in OBSS, compared to, say, a scenariowhere all APs have the same AID. The method can include directing the APto assign a distinctive AID to itself. For example, this process mayinvolve having the AP generate an AID and storing it in a given fieldwithin the memory of the AP. The AP AID can be randomly generated, orgenerated using a coloring scheme, for instance. Alternately, adistinctive portion of an existing ID can be copied for use as the APAID. For instance, a distinctive portion of the 48 bits of the BSS ID,such as the 8 MSBs or the 8 LSBs for instance, can be copied for use asthe AP AID. The AP AID can be communicated from the AP AID to a STA overthe wireless medium. The STA can receive the AP AID from the AP andstore it in a memory of the STA.

It was found that at least in some scenarios, it was possible tocommunicate the distinctive AP AID from the AP to the STA by includingthe 8 bits of the AP AID as the 8 MSBs of a 16 bit AID field. Forinstance, the AP AID can be included as the 8 MSBs of the 16 bit AIDfield 82 of the capability information element 80 shown in FIG. 8B.Accordingly, the capability information element 70 can be modified toinclude the AP AID. In such a scenario, the AP AID can be referred to asthe EDMG BSS AID 78, and both expressions can be used interchangeably atleast in some embodiments. In other words, the AP AID intended for usein SLS can be used as the EDMG BSS AID, including for any suitable usesother than SLS. Moreover, in such a scenario, the capability informationelement can be referred to as a EDMG capability information element 80,for instance. In some scenarios it is possible to communicate thedistinctive AP AID in a field of another element, for example, theoperation information element.

The EDMG capability information element 80 can be transmitted from theAP to the STA during ATI or DTI of the BI, for instance. The EDMG BSSAID 78 can be communicated by the AP to another STA during the processof association, for example by making it part of the beacon. The EDMGBSS AID 78 can be communicated to another STA together with the STA'sAID 74. This can be accomplished using the 8 MSBs of a 16 bit AID fieldfor the AP AID/EDMG BSS AID 78 and the 8 LSBs of the 16 bit AID fieldfor the STA AID 74, for instance. In some embodiments, the 16 bit AIDfield can be communicated from the AP to the STA in a separatemanagement frame than the capability information element if foundsuitable.

During use, these 8 MSBs of the 16 bit AID field format can be filled bythe AP in a memory of the AP, most likely to a non-zero value, and laterused by the AP. The STA can receive the EDMG BSS AID from the AP andstore it in the memory of the STA. The STA can then use the EDMG BSS AIDas an AP AID during SLS or for other uses. This EDMG BSS AID can benon-zero, and can be set in a manner to reduce false positiveprobability when operating in OBSS. The EDMG BSS AID can be adistinctive value randomly generated by the AP, or generated by the APusing a coloring scheme or another suitable scheme, or defined by the APby copying a distinctive portion of an existing ID, such as a BSS ID,for instance. The AP AID can be used as a EDMG BSS AID or vice versa,and both expressions can be equivalents in some embodiments.

In accordance with one aspect, there is provided a station having aprocessor, a memory and a radio. The station is enabled for beamformingwith another station using a sector level sweep process (SLS). The SLSprocess includes transmitting and receiving a sector sweep (SSVV) frameto and from the other station using different combinations of antennasectors. The station is capable of using a short SSW frame as said SSWframe. The short SSW data frame having an addressing field formatspecifying a receiver address association ID (RA AID) and a transmitteraddress association ID (TA AID).

The RA AID and the TA AID can each have 8 bits and can be adjacent toone another in the short SSW frame.

The station can be user equipment (UE), wherein the UE is configured toreceive an address association ID (STA AID) upon association with anaccess point (AP), and to use the STA AID as one of the RA AID and theTA AID depending on whether the UE is receiving or transmitting,respectively, during a given step of the SLS process.

The UE can be further configured to receive an AP address association ID(AP AID) upon said association with said access point, and to use the APAID as the other one of the RA AID or TA AID when performing the SLSprocess with the AP.

The user equipment can be a mobile device.

The station can be an access point (AP), wherein the AP is configured toassign a distinctive AP address association ID (AP AID) to itself, tocommunicate the distinctive AP AID, and to use the AP AID as the RA AIDor the TA AID depending on whether the AP is receiving or transmitting,respectively, during a given step of the SLS process.

The AP AID can be randomly generated by the AP.

The AP AID can be generated by the AP using a hashing scheme.

The hashing scheme can be a coloring scheme based on a BSS ID of the AP.

The AP can be configured to store the AP AID as the 8 MSBs of a BSS AIDof the AP.

The AP can be configured to assign an address association ID (STA AID)to the other station during a process of association, to communicate theAP AID to the other station during the process of association, and touse the STA AID as the other one of the RA AID and the TA AID whenperforming SLS with the other station.

The station can be configured to use a non-short SSW frame as said SSWdata frame wherein use of said short SSW frame can be contingent uponwhether the other station possesses short SSW frame capability.

The station can be an EDMG station, and enabling short SSW framecapability in the other station can be contingent on whether the otherstation can function as an EDMG station.

The short SSW frame format has 6 bytes and includes, in sequence, 2 bitsfor packet type, 8 bits for RA AID, 8 bits for TA AID, 11 bits forCDOWN, 2 bits for RF chain ID, 11 bits for short SSW feedback, 1 bit fordirection, 1 bit reserved, and 4 bits for FCS.

In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a process ofbeamforming between a station having a plurality of antenna sectors andanother station. The station performs a sector level sweep (SLS)process. The SLS process includes transmitting, in sequence, a pluralityof short sector sweep (SSVV) frames to the other station usingcorresponding antenna sectors. The SLS process also includes receiving,in sequence, a plurality of the short SSW frames from the other station.The short SSW frames have an addressing field format specifying areceiver address association ID (RA AID) and a transmitter addressassociation ID (TA AID).

The process can further include, subsequently to the receiving stepdescribed above, determining the AID of the other station based on acomparison of one of the RA AID and the TA AID with a previouslyattributed AID of the station.

The station can be a non-AP station, and the other station can be also anon-AP station, wherein both the non-AP station and the other non-APstation are associated with an AP station in a basic service set (BSS).

The RA AID and the TA AID each have 8 bits and are adjacent to oneanother in the short SSW format.

The station can be a user equipment and the other station can be an AP.The process can further include, prior to performing the SLS process,the user equipment receiving a station address association ID (STA AID)upon association with the access point (AP), and using the STA AID asthe RA AID or the TA AID depending on whether the user equipment isreceiving or transmitting, respectively, during a given step of the SLSprocess.

The process can further include the user equipment receiving an APaddress association ID (AP AID) upon said association, and using the APAID as the RA AID or TA AID, as may be required, when performing the SLSprocess with the AP.

The other station can receive the AP AID in the form of an EDMG BSS AIDwithin an EDMG Capability information element.

The other station can receive the AP AID in an 8 bit field providedimmediately adjacent to an 8 bit field of the STA AID.

The other station can receive the AP AID during association with the AP.

The other station can receive the AP AID during beamforming.

The other station can receive the AP AID during a beacon transmissioninterval.

The station can be an access point (AP). The process can furtherinclude, prior to performing the SLS process, the AP assigning adistinctive address association ID (AP AID) to itself, and using the APAID as the RA AID or the TA AID depending on whether the AP is receivingor transmitting during a given step of the SLS process.

The process can further include the AP randomly generating the AP AIDand storing the AP AID in a field of the AP AID in memory.

The process can further include the AP generating the AP AID using ahashing scheme and storing the AP AID in a field of the AP AID inmemory.

The hashing scheme can be a coloring scheme based on a BSS ID of the AP.

The process can further include the AP copying a distinctive portion ofa BSS ID in a field of the AP AID in memory.

The process can further include, prior to performing the SLS, the APassigning an address association ID (STA AID) to the other station andcommunicating the AP AID to the other station, The process can furtherinclude the AP using STA AID the STA AID as the RA AID or the TA AID, asmay be required, when performing SLS with the other station.

The process can further determine that the other station can be enabledwith short SSW frame capability and select the short SSW frame formatinstead of non-short SSW frame format in order to perform the SLSprocess with the other station.

The station can be an EDMG station, and enablement of short SSW framecapability in the other station can be contingent upon whether the otherstation can also be an EDMG station.

The short SSW frame format can have 6 bytes and includes, in sequence, 2bits for packet type, 8 bits for RA AID, 8 bits for TA AID, 11 bits forCDOWN, 2 bits for RF chain ID, 11 bits for short SSW feedback, 1 bit fordirection, 1 bit reserved, and 4 bits for FCS.

In accordance with one aspect, there is provided a process of preparingcommunication between an access point (AP) and another station, the APhaving a 16 bit association ID (AID) field stored in a memory, with the8 least significant bits (LSBs) of the 16 bit AID field being for use asthe AID of the other station (STA AID), the process comprising : the APfilling the 8 most significant bits (MSBs) of the 16 bit AID field witha distinctive 8 bit value.

The step of filling the 8 MSBs of the 16 bit AID field can includeediting a zero value to the distinctive value of the AP AID.

The process can further include the AP randomly generating thedistinctive 8 bit value of the AP AID.

The process can further include the AP generating the 8 bit value of theAP AID using a hashing scheme.

The hashing scheme can be a coloring scheme based on the BSS ID.

The step of filling the 8 MSBs of the 16 bit AID field includes copyinga distinctive consecutive 8 bit portion of a 48 bit basic service set IDstored in the memory.

The process can further include the AP communicating the 16 bit AIDfield to the other station.

The step of communicating can be performed in the context of a step ofassociating the other station to the BSS.

The step of communicating can be performed in the context of a beacontransmission interval.

The step of communicating can include communicating the 16 bit AID fieldtogether with a station address association ID (STA AID).

The step of communicating can include communicating the 16 bit AID fieldin an EDMG Capability information element.

The EDMG Capability information element can have 1 byte for Element ID,1 byte for length, 6 bytes for STA address, 1 byte for EDBG BSS AID; 1byte for AID, 8 bytes for EDMG STA Capability information and 2 Bytesfor EDMG PCP/AP Capability information.

The step of communicating can include communicating the 16 bit AID fieldover a DMG beacon.

The step of communicating can include communicating the 16 bit AID fieldin an Association or Reassociation Response Frame.

The step of communicating can include communicating the 16 bit AID fieldin a Grant Acknowledgement Frame.

The step of communicating can include communicating the 16 bit AID fieldin a Probe Response Frame.

The step of communicating can include communicating the 16 bit AID fieldin an information element.

The information element can be an Extended Scheduling Element, aMultiple BSSID Element, a Nontransmitted BSSID capability element,and/or a DMG BSS Parameter Change element.

The step of communicating can include communicating the 16 bit AID fieldby including it in a management frame.

The process can further include the AP performing a sector level sweep(SLS) process including transmitting, in sequence, a plurality of shortsector sweep (SSW) frames to the other station using corresponding onesof the antenna sectors, and receiving, in sequence, a plurality of theshort SSW frames from the other station, the short SSW frames having anaddressing field format specifying a receiver address association ID (RAAID) and a transmitter address association ID (TA AID), and the AP usingthe EDMG BSS AID as the RA AID or the TA AID depending on whether the APis receiving or transmitting, respectively, during a given step of theSLS process.

The process can further include, prior to performing the SLS, the APassigning an address association ID (STA AID) to the other station andcommunicating the AP AID to the other station.

The process can further include the AP using STA AID as either the RAAID or TA AID, as may be required, when performing SLS with the otherstation.

In accordance with one aspect, there is provided a process of preparingcommunication between an access point (AP) and another station. In theprocess the AP has a 16 bit association ID field stored in a memory,with the 8 least significant bits (LSBs) of the 16 bit AID field being adistinctive value for use as the AID of the other station (STA AID).Further, the 8 most significant bits (MSBs) of the 16 bit AID field area distinctive 8 bit value for use as the AID of the AP (AP AID). Theprocess may comprise : the other station receiving the 16 bit AID fieldfrom the AP .

The other station can receive the 16 bit AID in an EDMG Capabilityinformation element. The AP AID can be provided in the form of an EDMGBSS AID within the EDMG Capability information element.

The other station can receive the 16 bit AID in the context ofassociation with the AP.

The other station can receive the 16 bit AID during beamforming.

The other station can receive the 16 bit AID during a beacontransmission interval.

Many further features and combinations thereof concerning the presentimprovements will appear to those skilled in the art following a readingof the instant disclosure.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

In the figures,

FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a basic service set (BSS) inaccordance with the prior art;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a station which can be enabled for use asan associated station or an access point station in the BSS of FIG. 1,in accordance with the prior art;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a beacon interval format which can be usedin wireless communications between stations of a BSS, in accordance withthe prior art;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a sector level sweep (SLS) process whichcan be used for beamforming between two stations communicatingwirelessly within a BSS, in accordance with the prior art;

FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing the sector sweep (SSVV) frame formatfor use in SLS as defined under IEEE 802.11ad, in accordance with theprior art;

FIG. 6 is a schematic view showing a proposed short SSW frame format inaccordance with the prior art, with an unspecified addressing fieldformat;

FIG. 7 is a schematic view of short SSW frame format with a dual AIDaddressing field format, for use under IEEE 802.11ay;

FIG. 8A is an example capability information element;

FIG. 8B is an example capability information element which is used tocommunicate the AP AID from the AP to the A-STA.

FIG. 9A and 9B are tables listing calculations of false positiveprobability for various quantities of overlapping BSSs with varyingquantities of stations per BSS, with

FIG. 9A presenting a hashed addressing field format and FIG. 9Bpresenting a dual AID addressing field format;

FIGS. 10A to 10D present the values of the tables of FIG. 9A and 9B ingraphical form;

FIG. 11A presents a decoding sequence for the hashed addressing fieldformat and FIG. 11B presents a decoding sequence for a dual AIDaddressing field format.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows an example of a basic service set (BSS) 10 which can havetwo or more stations (STAs) 12, 14, 14′. STAs 12, 14, 14′ may be capableof communicating wirelessly with one another in the 60 GHz band, forexample for directional multi-gigabit (DMG) wireless communication. Oneof the stations 12, 14, 14′ in FIG. 1 is an access point (AP) 12, whichcan alternately be referred to as a PBSS control point (PCP) under802.11ad. The other stations are non-AP STAs 14, 14′.

Prior to being allowed to communicate with other stations 12, 14′ withinthe BSS 10, a non-AP STAs 14 must perform an association process withthe AP 12; a process during which the non-AP STA 14 is assigned anassociation ID (AID). In some embodiments, the AP 12 is permanentlyassociated. Accordingly, the AP does not necessarily have an AID whenSLS is initiated. The AP 12 can be configured to assign an AID to itselfas will be detailed below.

The non-AP stations 14, 14′ can take different forms, collectivelydescribed as User Equipment (UE), and can be mobile devices such as alaptop, a tablet or hand-held devices such as a smartphone, PDA, etc.The non-AP stations 14, 14′ can also be connected objects such as awatch, television, video game console, controller, intelligent locksystem, or other devices in the realm of the Internet of things (IOT).Once associated, the non-AP stations 14, 14′ can have access to theInternet 16 via the AP 12, or be allowed to communicate with one anotherand form a network, for instance.

FIG. 2 shows an example of a station 20 which is enabled forcommunication in a wireless manner. The station 20 generally has one ormore processors 22, memory 24, and one or more radio systems 26. A radiosystem typically includes a transmitter subsystem 28 and a receiversubsystem 30 connected to one or more antennas 32. Typically, a stationenabled for direct multi-gigabit (DMG) wireless communication in the 60GHz band will have more than one antenna sector, and the wirelessconnection will be trained by a beamforming process.

Under IEEE 802.11ad, the beamforming process includes a sector levelsweep process (SLS) 50, schematized in FIG. 4, which allows the twocommunicating stations to select a favorable combination of antennasectors. One of the two stations will act as the initiator and begintransmitting the sequence of sector sweep (SSVV) frames 52 which arereceived by the other station which acts as the responder. After thisinitial phase, the responder transmits a sequence of SSW frames 54 whichare received by the initiator. In many instances, the AP acts as theinitiator, but this is not always the case; SLS can be initiated betweenother combinations of stations within the BSS.

An AP or non-AP station can be enabled for short SSW frame SLS by havingappropriate computer readable instructions stored in its memory 24. Thecomputer readable instructions can be executable by the processor(s) 22and can include MAC and PHY specifications for performing steps of theSLS process 50 such as generating the SSW frames 60. The computerreadable instructions can include the addressing field format 68 of theshort SSW frame format 69.

Short SSW frames 69 can be particularly useful in applications whereone, or both, of the stations have massive array antenna configurations.Under 802.11ay, stations will retain the ability to use 802.11ad SSWframes 60, which will be referred to herein as non-short SSW frames forclarity. A determination of whether or not short SSW frames 69 can beused can be made by the stations 12, 14, 14′ and can be contingent uponfactors such as whether or not both devices are short SSW enabled. Inparticular, enhanced DMG (EDMG) stations can be enabled for short SSWframes under 802.11ay.

One of the challenges in the selection of an addressing field format isdealing with the false positive probability (likelihood of collision) inthe context of an overlapping basic service set (OBSS) environment.

An addressing field format 68 proposed for use in the context of shortSSW frame format 69 is shown in FIG. 7. The addressing field format 68includes, the receiver address AID (RA AID) 71 and the transmitteraddress AID (TA AID) 73. The AID's of the two communicating stations canbe used in the RA AID and the TA AID field during SLS 50. For instance,the initiator's AID can be used in the RA AID or the TA AID fielddepending on whether the initiator is receiving or transmitting during agiven phase of SLS. The addressing field format can have a total of 16bits, and the RA AID and the TA AID can both have 8 bits and be adjacentto one another. In this embodiment, the RA AID is the 8 MSBs of the 16bit addressing field format 68, and the TA AID is the 8 LSBs of the 16bit addressing field format 68

If the AP 12 is the receiver or the transmitter, and does not have anAID, it can assign an AID to itself prior to undergoing the SLS process50.

The false positive probability within a (P)BSS can be based on the“Birthday problem”, an example well known in probability theory that ina set of randomly chosen people, some pair of them will have the samebirthday. Indeed, the probability can be based on:

p(n, H)≈1−e ^(−n(n−1)/(2H))≈1−e ^(−n) ² ^(/(2H)) ≈n ²/(2h)   (1)

Where n denotes number of STAs per BSS, H equals to 2̂m, where m denotesnumber of bits.

Lemma 1: the false positive probability in OBSS (b>=2), for hashedaddress for OBSS with equal number of STAs per BSS, is calculated as

p(n, b, H)≈((b*n)²−((b−1)*n)²)/(2H)=(2b−1)*n ²/2H   (2)

Where the b denotes the number of BSS, namely the OBSS.

Lemma 2: The false positive for dual AID calculation within OBSS withequal number of STAs is as:

p(n, b, H)≈(b−1)*n ² /H   (3)

Assuming p<1% is the good false positive rate which is equivalent ofpacket error rate (PER)<10̂(−2).

False positive calculations based on the above were performed for: i)the RA AID and TA AID addressing scheme (16 bit dual AID scheme); ii) ahashed address scheme. The hashed address scheme beingA(16bits):=CRC16(RA(48bits)∥TA(48bits)), whereby the A denotes theAddressing field in the Short SSW frames, RA and TA both denote theaddressing field inherent within 11ad SSW frames, and CRC16 denotes theCRC 16-CCITT.

The results of the calculations are presented in the table of FIG. 9Afor the hashed addressing scheme and in the table of FIG. 9B for the 16bit dual AID scheme in which n represents the number of STA's, and brepresents the number of overlapping BSSs. These results are plotted inthe graphs presented in FIGS. 10A to 10D where it can be seen that the16 bit dual AID scheme is preferable to the hashed address scheme. Thedifference is particularly strong in the lower density OBSS and thehigher density of stations per BSS scenarios.

The selection of the addressing scheme can also influence decodingefficiency. Indeed, an example decoding sequence 80 with the hashedaddress scheme is shown in FIG. 11A, and an example decoding sequence 90with the dual AID scheme is shown in FIG. 11B. The hashed address scheme80 consumes more time in hashing and matching 82 (the repeat N timesbox), and the time complexity can generally be linearly dependent on thesize of the List of MAC addresses O(N). The dual AID scheme decodingsequence 90 is comparatively more straightforward, and can require lesstime. In the dual AID scheme 90, an additional verification procedure 92can additionally be used to perform the identification. For instance,fields other than the RA AID and TA AID fields (such as BSS ID forinstance) can be checked.

The AP can be instructed to assign a fixed AID to itself. For instance,in 11ad, the following rules can govern the assignment of associationIDs by the AP :

-   -   1-254 are assigned to STAs 14, 14′;    -   0 is assigned to the AP 12;    -   255 is assigned to broadcast address.

It will be understood that in this embodiment, there is a non-zero falsepositive probability for the AP AID when the AP AID is fixed to 0 andoperating in the OBSS. Indeed, an indication of false positiveprobability in such a context can be obtained by adapting thecalculations presented above to an 8 bit context instead of 16 bitcontext.

It was found that the latter false positive probability could bereduced, at least in some scenarios, by assigning a distinctive AP AID.An AP's AID can be ‘distinctive’ if it has a probability of beingdifferent than the AIDs of other APs in OBSS. A distinctive AP AID canbe assigned in a manner for the AP AIDs to have a suitably highprobability of being different between different APs in OBSS. Adistinctive AP AID can have a relatively high probability (e.g. above0.5) of being non-zero. For instance, the AP can be instructed to assigna random AID to itself. Alternately, the AP can be instructed to assignan AID to itself based on a hashing scheme such as a coloring scheme,for instance. A coloring scheme can be based on the BSS ID (48 bit), forinstance.

In still another embodiment, the AP can be instructed to use a specificdistinctive portion of consecutive bits of an existing value, such asthe 8 MSBs or the 8 LSBs of the BSS ID, for instance, as the AP AID. Ineach one of these latter examples, the AP AID can be considereddistinctive AP AID as compared to the fixed AID scenario, such as theone in which all AP AIDs are set to zero. Indeed, this can result in asignificantly lower probability of generating a same AID for two or moreAPs in OBSS, and thus reduce the risk of collision in OBSS.

It was found that such a value generated by the AP can have other usesin addition to the one presented above in the context of short SSW. Forinstance, in DMG, an capability information element 70 having 16 bitsfor an AID field could be used for the STA AID. However, only the 8 LSBswere used for the STA AID, with the 8 MSBs being reserved for EDMG. This8 MSBs of this AID field can be harnessed by filling them with thedistinctive value of the AP AID as shown in FIG. 8B, which can bereferred to as the EDMG BSS AID 78 in this context. Once received by theSTA, the EDMG BSS AID 78 can be used for any suitable uses, which can beother than the short SSW frame format.

It was found that it could be useful direct the AP to assign a non-zerovalue to EDMG BSS AID. It was also found that it could be useful to usea non-zero EDMG BSS AID which has a high probability of being differentfrom the EDMG BSS AID of other APs in OBSS. It can be useful to have theAP generate a single value which can then be used both as the AP AID forshort SSW, and also as the EDMG BSS AID for any other suitable use.Under the current standard, both these values have 8 bits. This EDMG BSSAID/AP AID value can be communicated from the AP to an STA during theprocess of association of the STA, or at any other suitable time, forinstance. Accordingly, the AP AID used in the context of short SSWpresented above can be referred to as the EDMG BSS AID.

Accordingly, the EDMG BSS AID can be randomly (e.g. pseudo-randomly)generated by the AP, or can be a distinctive value. The EDMG BSS AIDvalue can be filled in the 8 MSBs of the 16 bit AID field 82. The AP canbe directed to fill the 8 MSBs of the 16 bit AID field with thedistinctive EDMG BSS AID 78 value.

When an A-STA starts short SSW SLS, it can use the EDMG BSS AID as theAP AID (i.e. as RA AID or TA AID) in the short SSW frame format. Morespecifically, the A-STA can construct the short SSW frame by filling theaddressing field 68 with the 16 bit AID field 82 for instance.

Alternately, the distinctive value of the EDMG BSS AID can be used bythe STA for uses other than SLS, and not be used as the AP AID duringSLS, for instance.

There are various ways in which the AP AID/EDMG BSS AID can becommunicated from the AP to the STA. A first example is to include theAP AID as part of an EDMG capability information element 80, such as theone shown in FIG. 8B. The EDMG capability information element 80 can,for instance, be appended to (e.g. be ‘piggybacked’) over the DMGbeacon, in the context of BTI 42.

Other examples of possible ways of communicating the AP AID/EDMG BSS AIDcan include :

-   -   a) Being otherwise sent over the DMG beacon;    -   b) Via an Association or Re-association Response Frame (a        management frame in which it can be included in an EDMG        Capability Information Element 82 or another element, for        instance);    -   c) Via a Grant Acknowledgement Frame (a management frame);    -   d) Via a Probe Response Frame (a management frame);    -   e) Via an Extended Scheduling Element (an Extended Scheduling        Element is an Information Element which can be piggybacked to        any suitable management frame);    -   f) Via a Multiple BSSID Element (a Multiple BSSID Element is an        Information Element which can be piggybacked any suitable        management frame);    -   g) Via a Nontransmitted BSSID capability element (another        Information Element which can be piggybacked to any suitable        management frame); and    -   h) Via DMG BSS Parameter Change element (still another        Information Element which can be piggybacked to any suitable        management frame).

Referring back to FIG. 11B, a decoding sequence 90 with the dual AIDscheme can optionally include an additional verification procedure 92.The additional verification procedure 92 can be used to further reducethe probability of collision. The additional verification procedure 92can involve use of the short SSW feedback field 75 (FIG. 7) forinstance. The additional verification procedure 92 can involve providingadditional randomness. For instance, during initiator sector sweep(ISS), or unicast frames, the short SSW feedback field 75 can bereserved for validation of 10 bits of shortened BSS ID. More generally,if the short SSW feedback field 75 was not being used, it can be used inthe context of this disclosure to add other information such as sectorID, BSS ID information, etc.

As can be understood, the examples described above and illustrated areintended to be exemplary only. The scope is indicated by the appendedclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of beam forming by a first station, theprocess comprising : receiving, at the first station, a first pluralityof short sector sweep (short SSVV) frames transmitted in sequence from aplurality of antenna sectors of a second station, and transmitting, insequence, a second plurality of the short SSW frames to the secondstation, the second plurality of short SSW frames having an addressingfield format including a first portion specifying a receiver addressassociation ID (RA AID) and a second portion specifying a transmitteraddress association ID (TA AID); wherein the addressing field format ofthe second plurality of short SSW frames has a length that is shorterthan a sum of: a length of a transmitter address and a length of areceiver address in a SSW frame.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein acomparison of the RA AID or the TA AID with a previously attributed AIDof the first station can be used in a determination of the AID of thefirst station.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the first station is anon-AP station, and the second station is also a non-AP station, andwherein both the first station and the second station are associated toan AP station in a basic service set (BSS).
 4. The method of claim 1wherein the RA AID and the TA AID each have a length of 8 bits.
 5. Themethod of claim 1 wherein when the second station is a user equipmentand the first station is an access point (AP), said method furthercomprising, prior to performing the SLS process, the AP communicating astation address association ID (STA AID) upon association with the AP,and using the STA AID as the RA AID or the TA AID depending on whetherthe user equipment is receiving or transmitting, respectively, during agiven step of the SLS process.
 6. The method of claim 5 furthercomprising the AP communicating an AP address association ID (AP AID)upon said association, and receiving the AP AID as the other one of theRA AID and TA AID when performing the SLS process with the UE.
 7. Themethod of claim 6 wherein the AP communicates the AP AID in the form ofan EDMG BSS AID within a EDMG Capability information element.
 8. Themethod of claim 6 wherein the AP communicates the AP AID in an 8 bitfield provided immediately adjacent to an 8 bit field of the STA AID. 9.The method of claim 6 wherein the AP communicates the AP AID duringassociation with the UE.
 10. The method of claim 6 wherein the APcommunicates the AP AID during beamforming.
 11. The method of claim 9wherein the AP communicates the AP AID during a beacon transmissioninterval.
 12. The method of claim 1 wherein when the second station isan access point (AP), the method comprising, prior to performing the SLSprocess, the first station receiving a distinctive address associationID (AP AID) assigned by the AP to itself, and using the AP AID as the RAAID or the TA AID depending on whether the AP is receiving ortransmitting, respectively, during a given step of the SLS process. 13.The method of claim 12 wherein the AP AID is randomly generated and isstored in a field of the AP AID in a memory of the AP.
 14. The method ofclaim 12 wherein the AP AID is generated using a hashing scheme and isstored in a field of the AP AID in a memory of the AP.
 15. The method ofclaim 14 wherein the hashing scheme is a coloring scheme based on a BSSID of the AP.
 16. The method of claim 12 wherein a copy of a distinctiveportion of a BSS ID is stored in a field of the AP AID in a memory ofthe AP.
 17. The method of claim 12, further comprising, prior toperforming the SLS, the first station receiving an address associationID (STA AID) assigned to the first station by the AP, the AP AID and theSTA AID received as adjacent fields of a 16 bit AID field format. 18.The method of claim 12 further comprising, prior to performing the SLS,the first station receiving an address association ID (STA AID) assignedto the first station by the AP, and receiving the STA AID as the otherone of the RA AID and the TA AID when performing SLS with the AP. 19.The method of claim 1 further determining that the second station isenabled with short SSW frame capability and selecting short SSW frameformat instead of non-short SSW frame format for the SLS process withthe second station.
 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the first stationis an EDMG station, and enablement of short SSW frame capability in thesecond station is contingent on whether the second station is an EDMGstation.
 21. The method of claim 1 wherein the short SSW frame formathas 6 bytes and includes, 8 bits for RA AID, 8 bits for TA AID, 11 bitsfor CDOWN, 11 bits for short SSW feedback, 1 bit for direction, 1 bitreserved, and 4 bits for FCS.
 22. A first station for beamformingcomprising: a processor, a transceiver, and a memory having computerreadable instructions for executing beamforming between a second stationhaving a plurality of antenna sectors and the first station, includingthe steps: as part of a sector level sweep (SLS) process, receiving, insequence, a first plurality of short sector sweep (SSVV) frames from thesecond station using corresponding ones of the antenna sectors, andtransmitting, in sequence, a second plurality of the short SSW frames tothe second station, the second plurality of short SSW frames having anaddressing field format including a first portion specifying a receiveraddress association ID (RA AID) and a second portion specifying atransmitter address association ID (TA AID); wherein the addressingfield format of the second plurality of short SSW frames has a lengththat is shorter than a sum of: a length of a transmitter address and alength of a receiver address.
 23. The method of claim 1, wherein thelength of the addressing field format of the second plurality of shortSSW frames is sixteen bits.
 24. The first station of claim 22, whereinthe length of the addressing field format of the second plurality ofshort SSW frames is sixteen bits.
 25. The first station of claim 22,wherein RA AID and the TA AID each have a length of 8 bits.